Note: Al Jazeera is withholding some details of interviewees, such as surnames, to protect their identities.
Douankara, Mauritania – One evening in late March, 75-year-old Moctar gathered with his family and friends in Sondaje, a village in northern Mali, to plan their escape. For months, homes had been raided by rival gun-toting warring groups who accu...

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